Ethic of War as the Way Avoid the Conflicts

Ethic of War as the Way Avoid the Conflicts Introduction Since time immemorial, man has debated on whether warfare is a moral thing to do. Although it is common sense that peace is better than warfare, man has continually engaged himself in war with fellow men. Research has revealed the fact that the improvement of technology and the general progression of a nation does not improve the chances of that nation in the doing away with war (Arkin 1).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Ethic of War as the Way Avoid the Conflicts specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More St. Augustine is acknowledged for bringing in Christianity values against war that convinced people to avoid unnecessary murders. He strongly condemned the cruelty that is experienced in the need to revenge due to having the power to do so (Arkin 2). From the 19th century, many countries have strived to formulate laws based on the guidelines presented earlier by St. Augustine. The laws that were formulated had t wo characteristics in general: they offered restrictions to the act of war and restrictions to the conditions that were needed before going into war. These laws ensured that the countries adopted the Just War tradition. This tradition adopted measures that ensured that any act of war did not end up causing damage beyond that which had been anticipate. The only condition which is acceptable when it comes to cases of harming a civilian in wartime is when it is done unintentionally or happened indirectly. Even those people who are actually directly involved in combat during war (enemies) have their own rights. When the lay down their weapons in surrender they are to be considered as non-combatants don’t stand a risk of attack (Arkin 2). The Laws of War (LOW) also stipulate that the agents of war must be held accountable for the results of their action during war. The Laws of War indicate what is acceptable and that which is not during war. The Rules of Engagement, which contain the Laws of War, are the orders which the military authority gives to the United States Forces indicating the conditions to which they are expected to engage in war or persist in combat. Over the centuries the laws of war have experienced significant developments which include the following: To consider the plea of combatants during surrender and the treatment of prisoners captured during war in a humane manner Protection of both the civilians and the non-civilians from unnecessary harm. Avoid causing damage to civilians and their property when it can actually be avoided. Not allow the attacking of persons or vehicles that has the Red Cross emblem or the Red Crescent or even those that bear a white flag. Agents of war to avoid using torture at all costs regardless of the situation or person. The law against use of weapons such as the blinding lasers or other weapons of mass destruction. The right to life-which is a fundamental human right-has respects for and values the human pers on both in war and in time of peace. This right is however challenged due to the need to have order in the society either within the country or outside. This can be evidenced when extensive force which can cause death or injuries is used during such occasions (Watkin 10). So as to demonstrate these acts of cruelty during war by nations of the world especially the super powers, some producers have created documentaries and movies based on actual events. This paper will look into the details of three such films so as to help come up with the necessary findings and conclusions as to what are the necessary and the morally-right things to do in times of war.Advertising Looking for essay on ethics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Rules of Engagement Rule of Engagement is an American film that was written by James Webb and directed by William Friedkin. It stars two actors, Tommy Lee Jones and Samuel L. Jackson. Jackson who plays a part as a Marine Colonel called Terry Childers is brought to court with charges of not obeying the rules of engagement in a certain military operation in Sana’a, Yemen which results in the slaughter of many civilians. The writer of this film is currently the United States Senator but is a former Marine combat officer and Secretary of the Navy. This explains the relevance of the film in finding the solutions to the question, what military behaviour is moral in war? The film begins on a high note where there was an advance in the Vietnam War which turns disastrous. One of the commandants, Terry Childers kills a prisoner who was not armed and this intimidates an NVA official who then calls off an attack on the American marines whereby Lt. Hays Hodges is rescued. Afterwards, there are riots and demonstrations that ensue at the embassy grounds against the American influence in the Gulf of Persia. It turns violent and demonstrators start throwing stones and starting fires. Childers then escorts the Ambassador to an awaiting helicopter and heads back to the embassy to retrieve the flag. Meanwhile, many marines are killed by snipers positioned at the top of the roofs. When Childers looked down at the crowd and notices something, he quickly orders his fellow marines to open fire and kill them. This led to the death of as many as eighty three civilians who were engaging in protests. This leads to the taking of Childers to the court-martial in the United States by the National Security Adviser. Childers is accused for causing the death of the many civilians so as to secure the international relations between them and the Persian Gulf. Childers then chooses Hodges-the person he saved during the war-to represents him as his attorney. Hodges became reluctant to take the position since he was aware that his record was not that impressive either and claimed that Childers needed a better lawyer (Webb 3). Childers however did not mind having Hodges represent him since he needed someone who had been involved in combat before since he would be in a better position to understand the pressure that comes with it. Most of the evidence point him out as guilty and a certain Bill Sokal did all he could to get him convicted. On a certain occasion, he burns a tape had recorded the crowd showing there weapons so as to make all the accusations appear to be true.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Ethic of War as the Way Avoid the Conflicts specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More He also blackmails an Ambassador into lying in front of the court that the crowd had been peaceful and that Childers had shown violence towards his family when the time for evacuation came. Hodges however presents to the court a proof that a tape in the camera which had recorded the crowd during the riot had been burned and yet the camera itself was intact. At the end of the film, Childers is only charged of minor charges of that of disrupting peace but was not found guilty of anything serious such as those to do with conduct and murder. Sokal is however charged and found guilty of concealing evidence and is caused to resign and Mourain is also fired after being found guilty of some charges. Childers then retires honourably from the marine (Webb 6). Valley of Wolves Iraq The film Valley of wolves is set in northern Iraq and starts off as the United States forces take in to captivity thirteen civilians and eleven Turkish soldiers. This event is supported by other actual events for example, the Abu Ghraib prison scandal and the incident that had to do with the container where people who had been taken in to captivity were suffocated and killed. At first, the Turkish soldiers thought that it was a usual visit by the NATO friends. The soldiers were shown out of the headquarters with guns pointed to their heads and later detained for 60 hours before being set free. This was rather unusual since it was th e first time such an incident occurred between the two states. The United States later apologised for what had occurred and made statements of regret through Donald Rumsfeld. This was not appreciated by many Turks as took offense of the situation. One of the Turkish soldiers who had been captured was so humiliated by the event especially when they were hooded and this led him into committing suicide. Almedar, who is a friend of the deceased and a former Turkish intelligence, is determined to avenge for his dead friend. At some point he and his men kill three Iraqi troops. They later put explosives under the hotel where the commander, Sam Marshall was residing and ordered him out. When he was out he wanted him to be hooded just as his friend had been hooded so that it could be caught on camera but Marshall declines and uses some children to act as human shields which causes Almedar to give up but is later involved in a shooting at a wedding pretending to be hunting down terrorists (C roix and Doepke 1). The groom and other children are killed in the process and the rest were rounded up into a container truck that was airtight. In an act of vengeance, the father of the child who had died in the wedding becomes a suicide bomber and blows up at a meeting where Marshal had attended but Marshal survives. At the end Marshall is killed in a gun fire (Sasmaz 1).Advertising Looking for essay on ethics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More I am an American soldier This is a documentary film produced by John Laurence and is about the war in Iraq. A total of 92 American soldiers had been sent to Iraq to fight. They suffered and struggled to survive for a whole year. After the assignment in the Iraq, they are deployed and they return home to their families. Due to the experiences that they had, their lives were changed and began a task of trying to bring change to Iraq and in the process they were accompanied be filmmakers so as to examine the Iraq war critically and without any bias (Donohue and Wong 188). This documentary tries to show the struggles that the United States soldiers go through in their day to day activities in bringing peace in Iraq (Clark 570). It demonstrates how the environment there is becoming more deceptive and dangerous for missions to be carried out. The soldiers are faced with difficulties in their duties as drastic changes normally take place in those places (Pojman and Vaughn 4). The scenes in the documentary are filled with pictures that capture the emotions of people. There are scenes showing a soldier blowing up a vehicle full of people jus to realise later that it was actually full of innocent civilians. It also shows a case where soldiers trying to fight for their lives been blown into pieces in their armoured vehicles. Many scenes of mothers and family members gathering at a funeral and mourning the loss of the soldiers from Iraq are also seen (Laurence 6). Conclusion So as to avoid the conflicts such as the situation in Iraq, it empirical that they should abide by the Laws of War such as respecting the laws in the occupied territory and therefore making as few changes as possible (Roberts 1). There are three factors in the laws relating to the occupied territories that are highlighted: rules that limit the power and authority of the occupants, the prohibition against taking over new territories and the rules concerning respecting the structure of legislation in th at country (Roberts 3). It has also been agreed that occupancy in a certain country is not always the solution prior to engaging in war. The Laws of War are regarded as the main laws that apply to occupations. Research also includes the human rights law as fundamental and applicable. When all these considerations are taken into account then the inhumane nature of wars will be done away with. Arkin, Ronald. Governing Lethal Behaviour: Embedding Ethics in a Hybrid Deliberative/Reactive Robot Architecture. Georgia: College of Computing, 2007. Print. Clark, Burton. The Invasion. American Journal of Combat. 2009, 65(6), 569-576. Croix, David and Doepke, Matthias. Internal Affairs. New York: Sage, 2008 Donohue, Tambra and Wong, Eugene. Modern Warfare. Journal Article Excerpt. 2009, p.188-200 Laurence, John. I Am an American Soldier: One Year in Iraq with the 101st Airborne. 2007. 28 June 2011. https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1002538/. Pojman, Louis and Vaughn, Lewis. The Moral Life An Intro ductory Reader in Ethics and Literature. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010. Print. Roberts, Adam. Transformative military occupation: Applying the laws of war and human rights. Oxford: Oxford University, 2006. Print. Sasmaz, Raci. Valley of the Wolves: Iraq. 2006. 28 June 2011. https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0493264/. Watkin, Kenneth. Controlling the use of power: A role for human rights Norms in contemporary Armed Conflict. America: American Society of International Law, 2004. Print. Webb, James. Rules of engagement. 2000. 28 June 2011. https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0160797/.

(Philosophy) Comparison Book Review between Hollis & Rosenberg (SEE Essay

(Philosophy) Comparison Book Review between Hollis & Rosenberg (SEE BELOW description) - Essay Example In the actual perspective, social change are varies in nature where manifesting as an act of advocacy, a sort of event or action, a social behavior, and others which all promote a change in the present or the normative state of the social condition. In the history of the development of the society, several social changes have already transformed the development of the social structure and their development course. In the past, some examples of social changes in the past are the use of contraception particularly birth control pills as related to the population and marital realm in the society, the electoral system development incorporating women as the result of the female suffragist’s action for equality, and the acceptance of the concept of homosexuality in the social structure. These social changes have caused the development of the present social community to their contemporary state in the modern period. In the present, several social change issues are still influence the social behavior of the population namely the information technology structure which it now integrating their influence in the respective lives of the people. This in turn, has caused their presence to become a significant factor in the present state of modernity of the present social culture transforming the present society to become dependent upon the technology for their daily needs and activities. Poverty in the present is an economic and cultural concept that is mainly defined as the level of income of a certain individual or a group of people within a society that relates to the ability and purchasing power in acquiring the valuable things that are considered necessities for a normal living. This concept mainly becomes a sociological and cultural concept because it is significantly affected by the inequality in the economic distribution of income in the society. In defining and measuring the poverty concept within the society, one must both incorporate the aspect

U.S. Supreme Court Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

U.S. Supreme Court - Essay Example Kagan became Pres. Obamas official nominee to replace retiring Associate Justice John Paul Stevens in 2010. It was easy to see why he would nominate her to the position. In his own words, Pres. Obama described her admirable character traits (Scherer, M., 2010) that led to her nomination as : â€Å"Elena is respected and admired not just for her intellect and record of achievement, but also for her temperament, her openness to a broad array of viewpoints, her habit — to borrow a phrase from Justice [John Paul] Stevens — of understanding before disagreeing, her fair-mindedness and skill as a consensus builder.† Ms. Kagan was nominated during a time of trial for our nation. America was in the grips of the worst recession to ever hit its people, the economy was in shambles and the previous Bush administration had often circumvented the law in order to fulfill its own political agenda. She was in effect, coming into a wounded supreme court that needed to be rehabilitated for hits own good. With her nomination, the president was merely trying to put the best person he could find in to fill the job. By his standards, she fit the bill to a T. There was no political agenda behind it and no lobby group behind her nomination. If there were, she would not have eventually been confirmed. That is not to say though that her nomination was without controversy. there were accusations coming from the GOP, who were actively campaigning against her nomination, that Kagan often defied the constitution by disallowing the military access to students on the Harvard campus during her tenure as Dean at the prestigious university. Columnist Phyllis Schlafly claimed that Kagan had â€Å"defied the Solomon Amendment" -- a statute requiring schools to provide the same access to military recruiters that they provide to other potential employers or lose federal funding†. While Foxs Sean Hannity also reported that she had â€Å"led an effort to "kick

My Dream Job Essay Example for Free

My Dream Job Essay What is a bad boss or manager? We all have had some good managers and some bad managers. In most cases people don’t care too much for their boss. One of the biggest characteristics flaws in a poor manager is poor communications skills. They possess little to no listening skills and don’t seek out advice or suggestions from their employees. When a big decision needs to be made they normally make the decision on their own with little input from their subordinates. Another characteristic of a poor boss is a one who is afraid of confrontation. In management, I believe that any time there is an issue, the boss should not be afraid to address it. Some employees will take advantage and lose respect for their boss if that happens. I call those types of managers â€Å"buddy bosses,† which is not a good thing their needs to be a healthy balance. Bosses should be nice most of the time yet they also needs to be firm when the time calls for it. Good management skills don’t always come naturally. Managers have to continue to have ongoing training on leadership skills just like the workers need to have ongoing training on the jobs. In management; it is hard to please everyone in fact, if everyone is happy with you all the time you are probably a â€Å"buddy boss. † There will always come a time when you are going to have to say no to someone’s request. I believe that sometimes bad employees force a boss to become more firm most of with the employees. There are several types of bosses that I would consider bad. The first one is called an incompetent boss. They really don’t know the job and rely on the employee’s knowledge to get them through. When an issue occurs, they are no help at all. When an incompetent boss tries to help, they often make the situation worse. The second type of poor boss is a unchangeable leader. This is someone who does not like change and is unwilling to do what it takes to make the team more effective. This person doesn’t listen to the advice of the team, eve when they might tell them something that might help a process run smoother. The next type of poor leader I would call the abuser of power. They are people that get into leadership and use their power for personal gain. An example of this would be a boss that leaves early for the day all the time to take care of their personal business. The next type of poor leader is a leader that can’t be trusted. This is someone who employees don’t trust with information that can be used against them. When they have a problem the don’t feel comfortable talking to their leader in fear that they will tell someone else or use it against them in the future. They can’t tell them how they really feel. There is always going to be corrupt people in the world but when a leader is corrupt in any organization it breeds more corruption. There are some leaders that are down rite evil. They may have had a hard life and just don’t like to see others happy so they always find a reason to be upset and not satisfied with anything that is done within their department. Manager that operate in this manor normally don’t last long in leadership because there would make their employees unhappy and we all know that an unhappy employee won’t be a good producer. There ways to improve a bad boss if they want to improve. One way to do that is to make sure that middle level supervisors and managers have the support they need from upper management. I believe that leadership training should be an ongoing thing. I feel that in every organization there should be a hotline that employees can call to give feedback on how they feel their leadership is going. Once that feedback is collected it should be used as a training tool. Listening to the employees and responding to their needs and wants is in my opinion, the most effective way to go. During the hiring process employers should make sure that the leader they has the characteristic of a good leader. No one wants a bossy dictator as a boss. I have been in the workforce for over ten years and in that time I have had more good managers than bad. I think that is because it all comes down to respecting a person and there position. There have been times when my coworker s has come to me complaining about our boss. What I have found is that most of the time it not the boss at all it’s the employee view of their boss. Most people who don’t like their boss don’t like their job. I believe that if a person doesn’t like their job there is a likely chance they don’t like their boss because that the boss is only there to enforce the rules and doesn’t care employee’s personal feeling. In some cases they are right. The next time you are trying to determine if you have a good leader look for key traits. One key trait of a good boss is vision. Do they have a vision for the department that they will be managing? What is that vision? Does the vision line up with the companies mission statement? Ask yourself these questions. The next trait you should look for is wisdom. What useful knowledge can this person bring to the organization? Good leaders are strategic, wise and perceptive. The next question you should ask yourself about your boss is if he people are they passionate about what he or she does? Good bosses are very passionate people. They operate with such a high level of passion that they get consumed in it. They take action! Good leaders are determined to attain their goals. They know that the journey reaching their destination can be filled with problems. However, they are persistent people and are willing to put in the long hour and hard work to ensure that th eir goal is meet. Good leaders mean what they say. They have integrity. Theyre individuals who keep their guarantees and they do not play the old political games that plenty of others do. People find them reliable and as such are dedicated to them. Not all good bosses carry every single trait. They might be strong in some areas and lacking in others. But just remember, it isnt about being perfect, but understanding that bosses are human too; no one is perfect. Make an effort to try and get to know your boss and be a little more understanding about what they might be challenged with in their day to day duties.

Klinefelter Syndrome :: essays research papers

KLINEFELTER SYNDROME Klinefelter Syndrome is a syndrome in which a person has an additional X- chromosome. It is not life consuming, but rather people who have this syndrome can live perfectly normal lives proper treatment and care. If precautions are taken early on. Dr. Harry Klinefelter and his co-workers at Massachusetts center hospital in Boston in 1942 first identified the syndrome. These men were of the first to publish a report on this syndrome in its whole, so as to not leave any questions in your mind about this syndrome. What is Klinefelter syndrome Klinefelter syndrome is a syndrome in which a person inherits an extra X-chromosome making their genetic makeup xxy instead of the normal How it occurs This syndrome occurs by natural selection in which the condition arises from chromosomal nondisjunction during meiosis in this process, the 46 chromosomes in the cell separate, ulimatiing producing two new cells having 23 chromosomes each. Before meiosis is completed, however, chromosomes pair with their corresponding chromosomes and exchange bits of genetic material. In women, X-chromosomes pair, in men, the X and Y-chromosomes separate, and meiosis continues. Otherwise it is not something that happens by the law of nature in which you are randomly chosen in its specific frame of how many times it happens, whom it effects, and how it happens. There is really no specific frame in which it invariably happens. It is known through that it happens during the process of meiosis in which chromosomes split. WHO IT AFFECTS Klinefelter Syndrome only occurs in males. This is so because females have a similar condition called Turner’s Syndrome who generally has the same side effects as Klinefelter Syndrome. Instead of having one X chrosomes they have two. Where as in Klinefelter patients are XXY, instead of XY which is the normal. PROGNOSIS Although many men can live out their lives without ever seeing the effects of XXY many men do see the effects of XXY, many men do see the effects of this syndrome. Common effects are; tall around six feet, small testes, inability to produce sperm, spare facial and body hair, and gynecomastig. A few associated conditions are:  infertility  incomplete masculinization; feminine or pear shaped body  osteoporosis  venous disease  learning, emotional, and mental disorders  low energy  low self-esteem  communications difficulties  frustration based outbursts  motor skill issues  developmental delays Although these things are Klinefelter Syndrome, many doctors distinguish chromosomal anomalies. From any possible resulting syndrome diseases, and conditions.

From slavery to freedom Essay

Ironically, Fredrick Douglas all but snatched the Emancipation Proclamation from Abraham Lincoln’s hands to make of its flat rhetoric a sharpened call for freedom and equality. Douglass had never regarded the ending of slavery as enough, either for himself or for his people; it had to be the beginning of an embrace of the black individual’s fullness as a person, a beginning that would point straight toward an end, within quick reach. â€Å"For Douglass, each gain in the struggle, and the Emancipation Proclamation decidedly was one of the greatest, simply meant that America must move on to the next gain. † (Mcfeely, 1991) Douglass’s commitment to abolitionism, black elevation, and women’s rights outstripped his commitment to other social reforms. His major social reform passions — black liberation and women’s liberation — underscored his egalitarian humanism. The logic and motivation for his social reform odyssey derived essentially from his quest for morality, order, and progress. Even though his interrelated social reform enthusiasms were integral to his vision of a moral, orderly, and progressive civilization, he nonetheless evinced a keen sense of the need for priorities among them. (Martin, 1984) In retelling his journey from slavery to freedom in the middle of the decade, less than a year after the Cleveland emigration convention, Douglass was responding implicitly to the arguments of Delany and other pro-immigration supporters that in the foreseeable future blacks would remain slaves, or de facto slaves, in the United States — arguments that would appear to have gained added currency with the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Act in 1854. Central to Douglass’s continued hopefulness about blacks’ prospects in the United States, despite such obviously negative developments, was a renewed commitment following his 1851 break with Garrison to the informing ideals of the nation’s original revolutionary documents. In many ways during this period, Frederick Douglass became the prototypical American success: a peerless self-made man and symbol of success; a fearless and tireless spokesman; a thoroughgoing humanist. The most striking and enduring aspect of Douglass’s heroic legacy in his day — its classic, even archetypical aura — has persisted down to the present. Although often viewed and used differently by others, the heroic and legendary Douglass clearly personifies the American success ethic. The key to his eminently evocative essence is twofold. Douglass’s influence had a far reaching affect. In April 1855, Uriah Boston, a prominent figure in the black community of Poughkeepsie, New York, wrote a letter to Douglass in reference to his newspaper. Boston expressed concern over the increasingly separatist tone of prominent black abolitionists like William J. Wilson and James McCune Smith. Responding to pieces they had written in the black press, Boston criticized the two for â€Å"urging the colored people to preserve their identity with the African race. † He feared that any claim of distinct national identity on the part of black people might lend credence to â€Å"the propriety and necessity of African colonization†Ã¢â‚¬â€the dreaded scheme of the American Colonization Society. For Boston, blacks could never constitute a nation within the nation. â€Å"You cannot mix nationalities,† he wrote. â€Å"No man is a proper citizen of one certain country while he claims at the same time to be a citizen of any other country. †

Kent P. Mesplay The Run For The Presidency - 713 Words

Kent P. Mesplay: The Run for the Presidency Tionne V. Williams Jr. Central High School November 9, 2015 6th Period Abstract I’m writing this article about Kent Mesplay to show you that, he’s one of the best runner ups for the presidential elections. He has some of the highest qualities to becoming the President of the United States of America. Kent Mesplay: The Run for the Presidency Kent Mesplay was born on July 19, 1962 in Papua New Guinea. Mesplay spent his first ten years of his life in New Guinea, when his parents were Lutheran missionaries. Later in his teen years, he was attending a British boarding school at Wau. He went to the boarding school and was influenced by the international student body by tales of the World War 2. Wau had been one of the busiest airstrips in the world during the war. His closest friends at school were German and Australian, with teachers from around the planet. After coming to the USA in 1977 the family moved to Mira Mesa, California. In 1980, Mesplay graduated as valedictorian from Mira Mesa High School. Following his father’s acceptance, Kent went into graduate schools for clinical psychology. Mesplay studied engineering at Harvey Mudd college an went on to earn a PhD. Mesplay now works for San Diego county as an air quality inspector with the air pollution control district. Green party involvement, Mesplay is active locally and on the state and national levels. He was elected treasures of the green party country of the